Resumo Estudos toxicológicos são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos nas indústrias farmacêuticas, incluindo a preparação aiurvédica. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade oral aguda e de dose repetida de 28 dias de grânulos de polierva (PHG) antiobesidade em ratos Sprague Dawley pelas diretrizes da OCDE nº 425 e 407, respectivamente. Em um estudo de toxicidade oral aguda, uma dose única de 2 g/kg de PHG foi administrada a ratos, e mortalidade, peso corporal e observações clínicas foram observadas por 14 dias. No entanto, no estudo de toxicidade oral subaguda, o PHG foi administrado oralmente em doses de 0,3, 0,5 e 1 g/kg diariamente por 28 dias em ratos. A ingestão alimentar e o peso corporal foram registrados semanalmente. No 29º dia, os ratos foram sacrificados e submetidos a análises hematológicas, bioquímicas, de urina, necropsia e histopatológica. Em um estudo de toxicidade oral aguda, nenhuma mortalidade, alterações comportamentais e toxicidade relacionadas ao tratamento foram encontradas ao longo de 14 dias. Da mesma forma, no estudo de toxicidade subaguda, não foram encontrados mortalidade e efeitos tóxicos em análises hematológicas, bioquímicas, de urina, necropsia e histopatológica em ratos durante 28 dias de tratamento com PHG. Com base nesses resultados, verificou-se que a DL50 de PHG era superior a 2 g/kg e o nível de efeitos adversos não observados (NOAEL) de PHG para ratos foi de 0,5 g/kg/dia. Assim, os grânulos poliervais antiobesidade apresentaram um bom perfil de segurança em estudos com animais e podem ser considerados um importante agente para o manejo clínico da obesidade.

Abstract Toxicological studies are essential for developing novel medications in pharmaceutical industries including ayurvedic preparation. Hence, the present study is aimed to evaluate acute and 28-days repeated dose oral toxicity of anti-obesity polyherbal granules (PHG) in Sprague Dawley rats by OECD guidelines No 425 and 407, respectively. In an acute oral toxicity study, a single dose of 2 g/kg PHG was administered to rats and mortality, body weight, and clinical observations were noted for fourteen days. However, in the subacute oral toxicity study, the PHG was administered orally at doses of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 g/kg daily for 28 days to rats. Food intake and body weight were recorded weekly. On the 29th day, rats were sacrificed and subjected to haematological, biochemical, urine, necropsy, and histopathological analysis. In an acute oral toxicity study, no treatment-related, mortality, behavioral changes, and toxicity were found throughout fourteen days. Likewise, in the sub-acute toxicity study, no mortality and toxic effects were found in haematology, biochemical, urine, necropsy and histopathological analysis in rats for 28 days of treatment with PHG. Based on these results, the LD50 of PHG was found to be greater than 2 g/kg and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of PHG for rats was found to be 0.5 g/kg/day. Thus, anti-obesity polyherbal granules showed a good safety profile in animal studies and can be considered an important agent for the clinical management of obesity.

This study explored adolescents' knowledge of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (No 92 of 1996) and attitudes toward abortion. A sample of 150 secondary school learners (aged 15 - 19 years), from a low socioeconomic area in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa was surveyed. Twenty percent of the sample indicated that they found abortion acceptable. The sexually active (have had sex) respondents had more positive attitudes toward abortion for elective reasons than the sexually inactive (have not had sex) sample. On traumatic reasons the gender difference was found to be a function of sexual status. Sexually active females showed greater support than males. While the majority of those sampled were aware of the legal status of abortion in this country, they demonstrated a lack of knowledge on specific aspects of the Act. Recognition of adolescents' right to information is central to responsible decision-making among the youth about sexual and reproductive health issues.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and explore the health and socio-economic outcomes of Jubilee, a community on the Caribbean island of Grenada hit by Hurricane Ivan in 2004 and to identify remaining barriers to recovery. METHODS: The assessment consisted of a mixed methods approach employing observations, household surveys, in-depth interviews and focus groups. RESULTS: Eighty-five per cent of the residents live in a single-family home type dwelling which is occupied by multiple families. Twenty-seven per cent of the respondents depended on a river or stream for water and 83% utilized an outdoor pit latrine. Construction accounted for 28% of the employment while 16% reported having no occupation. Public and private transportation was limited and 48% of the residents lived on less than one United States of America (US) dollar per day. Access to healthcare was reported by 89% and the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension was identified by 13% and 30% of the residents respectively. Social fragmentation within the community represents a barrier that keeps the community from developing common goals leading to full economic recovery. CONCLUSION: Jubilee has not fully recovered from the effects of Hurricane Ivan, but progress has been made in the reconstruction effort. These efforts have addressed the most immediate and basic needs of the community, mainly utility service infrastructure and home repairs. However, issues related to the community's economic recovery are still unresolved.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar y explorar la salud y los resultados socio-económicos de Jubilee, una comunidad de la isla caribeña de Granada, afectada por el huracán Iván en el 2004, e identificar los obstáculos que aún quedan para la recuperación. MÉTODOS: La evaluación consistió en un abordaje de métodos mezclados que empleaban la observación, encuestas domésticas, entrevistas detalladas, y grupos focales (grupos de discusión). RESULTADOS: El ochenta y cinco por ciento de los residentes viven en viviendas que son para una sola familia, pero están ocupadas por familias múltiples. El veinte por ciento de los encuestados dependían de un río o una corriente para obtener agua, y un 83% utilizaba letrinas de pozo exteriores. La construcción daba cuenta del 28% de los empleos, en tanto que el 16% reportó no tener ocupación. Tanto el transporte público como el privado se hallaban limitados, y el 48% de los residentes vivían con menos de un dólar americano (1 USD) por día. Acceso a la atención a la salud fue reportado por 89% y la prevalencia de la diabetes y la hipertensión fue identificada por el 13% y el 30% de los residentes, respectivamente. La fragmentación social dentro de la comunidad representa un obstáculo que impide que la comunidad desarrolle metas comunes, que conduzcan a una plena recuperación económica. CONCLUSIÓN: Jubilee no se ha recuperado totalmente de los efectos del huracán Iván, pero ha habido progreso en los esfuerzos por la reconstrucción. Estos esfuerzos han estado dirigidos a las necesidades básicas y más inmediatas de la comunidad, fundamentalmente a la reparación de las casas y las infraestructuras de servicios. Sin embargo, los problemas relacionados con la recuperación económica de la comunidad siguen aún sin solución.